Tag: Judiciary

Former civil servants condemn Rijiju’s remarks on judiciary in open letter

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New Delhi: Former civil servants in an open letter on Thursday criticised Law Minister Kiren Rijiju for several of his comments which, they said, constituted a concerted attack by the government on the collegium system of appointments and on judicial independence.
The open letter, signed by 90 former bureaucrats, argued that preserving the independence of the judiciary is non-negotiable, and any sign of executive overreach cannot be accepted in a democracy.
“We write to you today in response to comments you made on various occasions and very recently at the India Today Conclave on March 18, 2023. Your statements that day are the latest in what is emerging as a concerted attack by the government on the collegium system of appointments, the Supreme Court of India and, ultimately, on judicial independence. We unequivocally condemn this onslaught,” the letter said.
In the appointment of judges to the High Courts and Supreme Court it appears that it is the government that is stonewalling appointments, it said
“Names forwarded by the collegium are left pending for years, only to be finally returned without approval. Candidates with distinguished careers marked by their commitment to due process and to constitutional norms are turned down by the government,” said the letter, written by the former civil servants under the banner of Constitutional Conduct Group.
Rather than engage constructively with the Supreme Court and collegium, high offices of the executive such as yours, and that of the Vice President, have responded with venomous barbs, it said.
The government’s continued refusal to accept some candidates can only give rise to the suspicion that the underlying intention is to create a pliant judiciary, the letter said.
“We are puzzled by your repeated criticisms of the Supreme Court collegium while simultaneously stating that there was no confrontation between the government and the Supreme Court. To the average Indian, there does, indeed, seem to be a confrontation,” it said.

It is no surprise that retired judges, senior lawyers, and experts have been expressing serious concern in the public domain on the urgent need to safeguard judicial independence, the letter said.
Former Lieutenant Governor of Delhi Najeeb Jung, former home secretary G K Pillai, ex-foreign secretary Sujatha Singh and former health secretary K Sujatha Rao are among 90 signatories to the open letter.
“The process of determining judicial appointments goes to the heart of this independence. It is a testament to their commitment to the institution that retired judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are not mute spectators to abrasive attacks on the judiciary,” it said.
“Yet you have not hesitated to call them anti-India and have stated that a few retired judges are working in tandem with activists, groupings you described as ‘anti-India gangs’ and attempting to influence the judiciary to ‘play the role of an Opposition party’,” the letter said.
The bureaucrats also took exception to Rijiju’s remark that the government will take strict action against “those who have worked against the country.”
“It seems to us that you are confusing the government with the country, construing criticism of the government as disloyalty to the country. You seem to believe that if a person disagrees with the views of the government, that is enough to permanently label him or her as ‘anti-national’,” they said in the letter and accused the Centre of trying to suppress dissent with punitive actions.
“As the Law Minister, if you have concerns about opinions being expressed or discussions taking place in public fora, you can avail of multiple platforms and ways to respond, beginning with inviting dialogue,” the letter said.
To label public-spirited citizens as an “anti-India gang” and threaten them with action which will exact “a price” rings of authoritarianism, and “unbecoming of your high post”, the letter read.
The former civil servants said they recognise that there is need for continued deliberations on ways to improve the current system of judicial appointments, to deepen transparency, and the rigour of the process as also diversity amongst appointees.
“We conclude by reminding you of a simple but cardinal truth: all organs of the State are bound by the Constitution of India and a government, simply because it is in a majority, cannot ride roughshod over Constitutional provisions regarding the separation of powers amongst the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. By doing so, you breach your own oath of office,” it said.
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#civil #servants #condemn #Rijijus #remarks #judiciary #open #letter
( With inputs from www.siasat.com )

March 30, 2023
Differences between govt, judiciary can’t be construed as confrontation: Rijiju

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Chennai: Asserting that differences were inevitable in a democracy, Union Minister for Law and Justice Kiran Rijiju said differences between government and judiciary cannot be construed as confrontation. He denied any clash between the government and the judiciary.
The Union Law minister was speaking after inaugurating the chief judicial magistrate court at Myladuthurai. Chief Justice of India, D.Y. Chandrachud and Acting Chief Justice of Madras High Court, Justice T Raja, were present on the occasion.
While pointing out at some media reports on differences between the government and judiciary, Rijju said that in a democracy differences were bound to be there and added that these are due to difference in outlook but stated that conflicting positions should not be there.
He said, “This does not mean confrontation between government and the Supreme Court or legislature and judiciary. This is not confrontation but only differences which are inevitable in the largest democracy in the world.”
The Union Law minister said that the central government would support the judiciary to be independent and added that the bench and the bar are the two sides of the same coin.
He said that one cannot work without the other and added that courts should have proper decorum and conducive atmosphere. Rijjiju said that the country is not ruled by a dictatorial king and added that the differences of opinion cannot be construed as a crisis in Indian democracy.
The minister said that the two bodies can criticise each other but in national interest all should be one. The minister lauded the courts in Tamil Nadu for their excellent performance during pandemic and delivering judgments. He said that the judicial infrastructure in Tamil Nadu was much better than many other states.
The minister said that during the previous year, Rs 9000 crore was allocated for the district courts and other courts in the state of Tamil Nadu and added that his department was pushing hard for the utilisation of the funds so that more funds could be sought.

He said that the government was for the Indian judiciary to completely go paperless in the coming days. The minister said that in the coming days due to technological advancement everything could be synchronised and the judge need not postpone the cases for want of evidence. He said that works are under progress and added that a major solution for pendency of cases was in the near future.
The minister also said that the executive and judiciary should work together to clear the pendency of cases. Rijjiju said, “In India, each judge is hearing 50 to 60 cases a day and if I had to deal with so many cases, mental pressure would be tremendous.”
He said that due to the heavy influx of cases, there were criticisms that judges were not able to deliver justice and added that this was not true.
The minister pointed out that even as cases were disposed of faster, the number of cases that were coming up for hearing was higher. He said that the only solution was to strengthen the Indian judiciary and to have better infrastructure and better mechanism.
He called upon all the courts to use Tamil language in all court proceedings in the state and added that with the use of technological advancements, Tamil which was a classical language can one day be even used in Supreme Court of India.
The minister also said that his ministry was developing a common core vocabulary where Indian languages will have certain common usages, that are purely technical in nature. He said that this was to ensure that common people receive orders in their respective languages.
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#Differences #govt #judiciary #construed #confrontation #Rijiju
( With inputs from www.siasat.com )

March 25, 2023
Israel’s Netanyahu delays judicial reform after mass protests

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Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced Monday he would postpone a controversial reform that would give parliament more control over the country’s judiciary, after weeks of mass protests against the legislation.
“When there’s an option to avoid civil war through dialogue, I take a time off for dialogue,” he said in a press statement delivered shortly after 8 p.m. local time amid ongoing protests involving supporters from both sides. He added that “out of national responsibility,” he is delaying the final readings of the divisive judicial appointments bill until the next session of the Knesset, the Israeli parliament, which starts in early May.
Netanyahu sparked weeks of chaos with proposals to rein in Israel’s top court, while he is currently on trial for corruption himself and could benefit from the overhaul.
The proposed reform consists of a series of bills that would grant the Knesset more oversight over the country’s judiciary — including how judges are selected, what laws the Supreme Court can rule on, as well as overturning Supreme Court decisions.
Monday’s announcement follows calls for action from President Isaac Herzog, who had demanded earlier in the day that the government “halt the legislative process immediately” in a statement on Twitter.
The legal overhaul was an important part of Netanyahu’s program upon returning to power last December to head a coalition government that has been described as the most right-wing in Israel’s history.
Israel’s Attorney General Gali Baharav-Miara has said that Netanyahu, who is standing trial on charges of bribery, fraud and breach of trust, should not be involved in a judicial overhaul before the end of his court cases, in case of a potential conflict of interest.
Netanyahu has denied wrongdoing, calling the corruption charges “a witch hunt.”

The judicial reform has triggered enormous protests nationwide in the past three months. On Sunday evening, tens of thousands of demonstrators gathered in cities across the country to oppose Netanyahu’s dismissal of his defense minister, Yoav Gallant, for challenging the reform, announced by the prime minister’s office in a brief statement.
In reaction, Gallant wrote on Twitter: “The security of the state of Israel always was and will always remain my life mission.”
The growing popular dissent against the judicial overhaul grew Monday as the leader of Israel’s top trade union called for a general strike, according to French newswire AFP. According to The Times of Israel, all flights were grounded at the country’s main international airport, while public hospitals only provided emergency care.
Thousands of demonstrators gathered once again in front of parliament on Monday to protest the reforms, while far-right leaders, like National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir and Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich, had called their supporters to a join counter-rally in support of the reform, which was reportedly also attended by several thousand government supporters later in the day.

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#Israels #Netanyahu #delays #judicial #reform #mass #protests
( With inputs from : www.politico.eu )

March 23, 2023
Constitution has to evolve through Parliament, not executive or judiciary: VP Dhankhar

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New Delhi: The evolution of the Constitution has to take place in Parliament and no other “super body” or institution, including the judiciary and the executive, has any role in it, Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar said on Sunday.
It is the primacy of the Constitution that determines the stability, harmony and productivity of democratic governance and Parliament reflecting mandate of the people is the ultimate and exclusive architect of the Constitution, he said.
Dhankhar’s remarks, made at the release a memoir of former Tamil Nadu governor P S Ramamohan Rao, came a day after Law Minister Kiren Rijiju invoked the “Lakhsman Rekha” on the relationship between the executive and the judiciary.
The vice president said, “A constitution has to evolve from the people through Parliament, not from the executive. The executive has no role in evolving the Constitution and no other institution including judiciary.”
He further stressed, “The Constitution evolution has to take place in Parliament and there can be no super body to look into that…it has to end with Parliament.”
The vice president said he was making the statement “without fear of contradiction (and) having studied constituent assembly debates and examined constitutions of countries where democracy blossoms and flourishes”.
Amid a tussle between the judiciary and the government over the appointment of judges of high courts and the Supreme Court, Chief Justice of India D Y Chandrachud on Saturday said not every system is perfect but the current collegium system is the “best” mechanism developed by the judiciary to maintain its independence.
Justice Chandrachud put up a stout defence of the collegium system of judges appointing judges to higher courts while speaking at the India Today Conclave, 2023, just hours after Law Minister Rijiju at the same forum again criticised the selection process, asserting that as per the Constitution the appointment of judges is the duty of the government.

Rijiju also said the appointment of judges was not a judicial work but “purely administrative in nature”.
The minister felt that if judges got involved in administrative work, they would have to face criticism. He said the principle of justice will be compromised if a judge ends up hearing a matter of which he or she was a part.
“Suppose you are the chief justice or a judge. You are part of an administrative process that will come into question. The matter comes to your court. Can you deliver a judgment on a matter you were part of? The principle of justice itself will be compromised. That is why the Lakshman Rekha is very clear in the Constitution,” Rijiju said.
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#Constitution #evolve #Parliament #executive #judiciary #Dhankhar
( With inputs from www.siasat.com )

March 19, 2023
Rijiju’s ‘anti-India gang’ remarks are attempt to pressure judiciary and threaten judges: Raut

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Mumbai: Shiv Sena (UBT) leader Sanjay Raut on Sunday alleged that Union Law Minister Kiren Rijiju’s remarks that a few retired judges are part of an “anti-India gang” are an attempt to pressure the judiciary and threaten judges.
Speaking at the India Today Conclave in the national capital on Saturday, Rijiju had claimed that a few retired judges and some activists who are “part of the anti-India gang” are trying to make the Indian judiciary play the role of the opposition party.
Reacting to the remarks while talking to reporters here, Raut said, “What kind of democracy is this? Does it suit a law minister to threaten the judiciary? It is a threat to judges who refuse to bow down to the government and it’s an attempt to pressure the judiciary.”
Criticising the government doesn’t mean being against the nation, Raut said.
The Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) MP also said that after Rahul Gandhi spoke about the threats to democracy in the country, there is now a move to get the Congress leader suspended from the Lok Sabha.
To a question on the demand that Gandhi should apologise for his comments, Raut said, “Rahul Gandhi will not apologise and why should he?”
“Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leaders have in fact spoken against the country and its political leaders on foreign soil,” he charged.
The BJP has been demanding an apology from Rahul Gandhi over his recent remarks he made in London, in which he alleged that the structures of Indian democracy are under attack and there is a “full-scale assault” on the country’s institutions.

The remarks triggered a political slugfest, with the BJP accusing him of maligning India on foreign soil and seeking foreign interventions, and the Congress hitting back at the ruling party by citing previous instances of Prime Minister Narendra Modi raising internal politics abroad.
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#Rijijus #antiIndia #gang #remarks #attempt #pressure #judiciary #threaten #judges #Raut
( With inputs from www.siasat.com )

March 19, 2023
A few retd judges, some activists want judiciary to play role of Opposition: Rijiju

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New Delhi: Law Minister Kiren Rijiju on Saturday claimed that a few retired judges and some activists who are “part of the anti-India gang” are trying to make the Indian judiciary play the role of the opposition party.
He again criticised the collegium system to appoint judges, saying it is a result of the “misadventure” of the Congress party.
The minister was speaking at the India Today Conclave, where Chief Justice of India D Y Chandrachud later defended the collegium system, saying “not every system is perfect but this is the best system we have developed” and the “object was to protect the independence of the judiciary, which is a cardinal value”.
Rijiju also hit out at Congress leader Rahul Gandhi for his remarks in London on democracy in India, saying the person who speaks the most says he is not allowed to speak.
“Anti-India forces in India and outside India, they use the same language – democracy is in danger, human rights are non-existent in India. What this anti-India gang says, the same language is used by Rahul Gandhi,” the minister alleged.
Whatever Rahul Gandhi says is publicised with a “louder voice” by the “same ecosystem”, he said.
“The same ecosystem is working in India and outside India. We will not allow this ‘tukde-tukde gang’ to destroy our integrity, our sovereignty,” Rijiju asserted.
The minister said at a recent seminar in Delhi, where some retired Supreme Court judges and some senior lawyers were present, the topic was accountability in judges’ appointment.

“But the discussion the whole day was how the government is taking over the judiciary,” he said.
The minister said he shares an excellent relationship with the chief justice of India, the present one, the last one and all the judges of the Supreme Court.
“It is a few of the retired judges – maybe three or four – a few of those activists, part of the anti-India gang, these people are trying to make Indian judiciary play the role of the opposition party.
“Some people also go to the court and say please rein in the government, please change the policy of the government. These people want the judiciary to play the role of the opposition party, which cannot happen,” Rijiju said.
The judiciary, he asserted, is neutral.
The minister’s remarks were criticised by Congress general secretary communications Jairam Ramesh.
“A Law Minister talking like an Outlaw. A Minister of Justice propagating Injustice. If this is not a threat to freedom AFTER speech what is?” Ramesh tweeted.
Rijiju said, “Judges are not part of any group or political affiliation. How can these people openly say that the Indian judiciary must take head-on with the government. What kind of propaganda is this.”
Asked whether any action was being taken against just elements, he said, “Actions will be taken, actions are being taken as per law. Nobody will escape.”
On the issue of the appointment of judges, Rijiju said there is no role of the judiciary as such to initiate and to give finalisation to the appointment of judges.
“It was only later due to the misadventure of the Congress party, the Supreme Court started acting, which some people describe as judicial overreach. Then the collegium system came into existence”.
But right now, the position of the government is very clear that the collegium system is in place.
“As long as a new system is not introduced, we will follow the collegium system but the appointment of judges cannot be done by a judicial order. It is purely administrative,” he said.
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#retd #judges #activists #judiciary #play #role #Opposition #Rijiju
( With inputs from www.siasat.com )

March 18, 2023
ICC issues arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin over child deportations from Ukraine

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The International Criminal Court (ICC) issued an arrest warrant Friday for Russian President Vladimir Putin over the forced transfer of children to Russia after the Kremlin’s invasion of Ukraine.
Ukrainians accuse Russia of attempting genocide against them and seeking to destroy their identity — partly through deporting children to Russia.
Putin is “allegedly responsible for the war crime of unlawful deportation of population (children)” and that of “unlawful transfer of population (children) from occupied areas of Ukraine to the Russian Federation,” the Hague-based court said in a statement Friday.
“There are reasonable grounds to believe that Mr. Putin bears individual criminal responsibility” for these crimes, the statement read.
The Russian president, the court argued, failed “to exercise control properly over civilian and military subordinates who committed the acts” and who were “under his effective authority and control.”
Maria Lvova-Belova, Russia’s commissioner for children’s rights in the office of the president, was also hit by the ICC warrant for her role in the deportations.
This is the first time the ICC has issued warrants in relation to Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, which began last February. It comes ahead of a visit to Russia next week by Chinese President Xi Jinping and will severely limit Putin’s own potential range of diplomatic visits.
Moscow has previously said it did not recognize the court’s authority.

In response, former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev said: “The International Criminal Court has issued an arrest warrant against Vladimir Putin. No need to explain WHERE this paper should be used … ” concluding with a toilet paper emoji.
In spite of numerous reports that Russian forces had committed war crimes in Ukraine — including a recent U.N. investigation which said that Russia’s forced deportation of Ukrainian children amounted to a war crime — the Kremlin has denied it committed any crimes.
In a statement, Balkees Jarrah, associate international justice director at Human Rights Watch, welcomed the announcement, saying the warrant sent “a clear message that giving orders to commit or tolerating serious crimes against civilians may lead to a prison cell.”
This article has been updated.

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#ICC #issues #arrest #warrant #Vladimir #Putin #child #deportations #Ukraine
( With inputs from : www.politico.eu )

March 15, 2023
15 Years After Raping, Murdering Minor, Killer Gets Lifer

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SRINAGAR: Srinagar drunkard, who kidnapped, raped and brutally murdered a minor in 2007 was today awarded life imprisonment. The sentence is to be confirmed by the High Court.
“I award life imprisonment to the convict Zahoor Ahmad Sheikh S/o Abdul Rashid Sheikh R/o Akhrajpora Rajbagh Srinagar for the commission of the offence under section 302 RPC,” the judgement delivered by Renu Dogra Gupta, the Second Additional Session Judge, reads. “Further the convict is sentenced to rigorous imprisonment of 7 years for offence punishable under Section 363 RPC and also sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for 10 years for the offence punishable under Sections 376 RPC. The sentences shall run concurrently.”
The accused was convicted by the court on March 10, 2023, in an offence involving the kidnapping of a minor girl – the daughter of his cousin, and later murdering her brutally after rape in a deserted migrant house in the Ikhrajpora area.
The court observed that the case does not fall in the rarest of the rare cases but is “almost on the border of the rarest of rare case”. The prosecution was seeking a death penalty but the amicus curie, appointed by the court, pleaded for a lenient view while imposing the sentence. His plea was that the case was decided on circumstantial evidence and not direct evidence.
Convict Zahoor, who was 21 at the time of the commission of the heinous offence, is 37 now. For all these years he has been in judicial custody.
The shocking case was reported on August 23, 2007, when the father of the Ikhrajpora girl reported to police that his daughter is missing. Her body was recovered a day later from a deserted migrant house in the same locality.

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#Years #Raping #Murdering #Minor #Killer #Lifer

( With inputs from : kashmirlife.net )

March 14, 2023
Judiciary must be allowed to interpret Constitution: SC judge Kohli

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New Delhi: The judiciary must be allowed to interpret the Constitution and its independence is not just a legal principle but fundamental pillar of a vibrant democracy, Justice Hima Kohli of the Supreme Court has said.
“It is imperative that all three pillars (legislature, executive and judiciary) of the State work in parallel and not in tandem, at arm’s length and not hand in hand, to give strength to the democratic system.
“This itself will preserve the independence of the judiciary and protect its autonomy and impartiality. It is equally essential to recognise the judiciary’s role in the constitutional dialogue as it acts like a safety valve for fostering our democratic values,” Justice Kohli said.
She was speaking on the subject of “Independent Judiciary: Critical for a Vibrant Democracy” at a function organised by FICCI in collaboration with Bharat Chamber of Commerce and the Indian Council of Arbitration in Kolkata on Saturday.
“Independence of the judiciary is not just a legal principle but a fundamental pillar of a vibrant democracy. The Indian judiciary has shown remarkable resilience and determination in maintaining its independence and integrity and discharging its constitutional duties,” she said.
The apex court judge spoke on various aspects related to judicial independence and said that the judiciary, by upholding the rule of law and ensuring that the government operates within the remit of its authority, promotes stability and effectiveness of democratic institutions.
It is equally essential to recognise the judiciary’s role in the constitutional dialogue as it acts like a safety valve for fostering our democratic values, she said.
“The judiciary must be allowed to interpret the Constitution and make decisions based solely on the Constitution and the laws. It is this interpretation that offers a guarantee for the Constitution to remain a living document that keeps on evolving over time, while remaining rooted in its fundamental values and principles.

“Therefore, having a robust constitutional dialogue in India, where all the branches of the State engage in a meaningful conversation with each other and at the same time, respect each other’s independence and the respective delineated roles, is the best thing for a vibrant democracy,” she said.
The judiciary also protects citizens from arbitrary exercise of power and ensures that their rights and freedom are respected and upheld, she said.
“Absent the judiciary’s role of maintaining checks and balances, democratic institutions would be vulnerable to corruption, abuse of power and erosion of the trust of the citizens in the government. The role of the courts in upholding the rule of law and providing checks and balances on other wings of the State makes the judiciary a critical pillar of democracy,” she said.
The judge referred to the imposition of the Emergency and said the judiciary was put to a severe test during the period.
“In the face of such adversity, some of the judges of the Supreme Court and at least nine High Courts had shown remarkable courage and independence. They stood up to the government’s attempts to erode judicial autonomy and protected fundamental rights of the citizens,” she said.
Justice Kohli also spoke about recent key judgements like the one which declared privacy as a fundamental right and part of right to life and personal liberty and said, “the judiciary has been at the forefront of protecting the citizens’ rights, particularly in cases relating to civil liberties, environmental protection and gender justice.”
Dealing with the role of media, she said it plays a significant role in informing the public and facilitating civic engagement.
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#Judiciary #allowed #interpret #Constitution #judge #Kohli
( With inputs from www.siasat.com )

March 5, 2023
Judiciary dealt with interference appropriately to ensure its independence: Fmr CJI Lalit

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Kolkata: Former chief justice of India U U Lalit said the judiciary has faced instances of challenge and attempts at interference but dealt with these appropriately to ensure its independence.
He said in order to have a thriving democracy, one must have an independent judiciary because it is through dispute resolution that society is assured of governance by the rule of law.
“There are various challenges that the judiciary has to face today,” he said, asserting, “therefore, we have to be strong as a judicial fraternity We must bear every kind of pressure, onslaught or any kind of interference.”
Speaking at a symposium on ‘Independent judiciary: Critical for a vibrant democracy’ held by the Bharat Chamber of Commerce here on Saturday evening, he said there have been instances of court decisions subjected to executive interference, but these have been appropriately dealt with ensuring the independence of the judiciary.
The former CJI said attributes of independence of the judiciary are impartiality, fairness in action, reasonableness and complete integrity for the purpose of dispute resolution.
Noting that the “citadel never falls except from within”, the former CJI said this is the expression with which the district judiciary is to be protected.
Lalit said the district judiciary is not under the control of anybody except the high court in the state.
“All their postings, promotions, appointments and even transfers are supposed to be only at the recommendation of the high courts,” he said.

Holding there should be no outside interference with the functioning of the judiciary, he said a number of articles in the Constitution ensure there is no interference in the functioning of every individual judge or the judiciary in general.
“One way to ensure the independence of the judiciary is to have an atmosphere where the people responsible for discharging judicial functions must have a sense of complete freedom and lack of interference from any agency,” he said.
The ex-CJI said the shoulders of the judiciary are quite strong to deal with any kind of external onslaught from any force.
Supreme Court judge Justice Hima Kohli said the independence of the judiciary is not just a principle but a moral imperative.
“The relevance of an independent judiciary cannot be overstated, especially in a country like ours which is not just a democratic republic; it has been described in the Constitution as a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic,” she said.
Justice Kohli said to discharge constitutional duties, the judiciary must be independent and impartial.
“It must be free from any external and internal influence,” she said, maintaining that judicial independence is not just a facet of the fundamental rights of citizens but also an essential condition for maintaining a vibrant and democratic social order.
She said the independence of the judiciary has been upheld by the Supreme Court in a host of landmark cases.
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#Judiciary #dealt #interference #appropriately #ensure #independence #Fmr #CJI #Lalit
( With inputs from www.siasat.com )

March 5, 2023