Tag: Agriculture

PM Kisan Nidhi: Farmer Empowerment and Agriculture Strengthening

Introduction to PM Kisan Nidhi
The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana (PM-KISAN) is a flagship government initiative that provides financial assistance to farmers across India. This ambitious initiative, which was launched in 2019, has been essential in improving the livelihoods of millions of farmers and bolstering the agricultural economy.
Aiming for Farmers’ Welfare
The major goal of PM Kisan Nidhi is to ensure farmers’ economic well-being through direct income support. Under this program, qualifying farmers receive a 6,000 annual stipend paid directly into their bank accounts in three equal installments.
Inclusive Coverage of Farmers
PM Kisan Nidhi takes a broad strategy, reaching out to farmers from all around the country. It includes small and marginal farmers, who frequently face financial constraints, as well as landholding farmers.
The Significance of Direct Benefit Transfer
The use of Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) in the execution of PM Kisan Nidhi ensures transparency and reduces leakages. DBT guarantees that financial help reaches the intended beneficiaries without the need of intermediaries, reducing corruption and guaranteeing that farmers receive the entire benefit.
Boosting Agricultural Investments
PM Kisan Nidhi enables farmers to invest in agricultural operations with more confidence by offering a continuous stream of income. This increase in investment adds to higher agriculture production and overall sector growth.

July 28, 2023
CRPF Personnel Shoots Self With Service Rifle

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SRINAGAR: A CRPF man posted in South Kashmir’s Anantnag district allegedly committed suicide by shooting himself with his service rifle on Wednesday.
An official said that a CRPF personnel shot himself dead with his own service rifle at Railway
He identified the trooper as SI/GD Mohan Singh from Madhya Pradesh of 90th Battalion CRPF.
He added that further investigation has been taken up to enquire the matter and reasons behind taking this harsh step—(KS)

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( With inputs from : kashmirlife.net )

May 3, 2023
Dir Agriculture inaugurates Hi-tech poly-house, mushroom units at Rawanpora Tangmarg

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SRINAGAR, APRIL 26: The Director Agriculture Kashmir Chowdhury Mohammad Iqbal today Inaugurated a Hi-tech poly-house and two mushroom units at Rawalpora, Sub-division Tangmarg district Baramulla.
During his visit to the sub- division he took stock of the agriculture scenario in the area.
Speaking to the farmers of different areas, the sub-division Director said that the department is working on an ambitious plan of providing farmers with round the year availability of seedlings of different vegetable crops.
He said to achieve this goal the department has established hi-tech polyhouses in all the districts of Kashmir division.
Dir also highlighted the Importance of integrated farming and asked the farmers to diversify their agriculture operations.
He asked the concerned officers to guide the farmers during their preparation of paddy nurseries and during the pre and post harvest operations of oil seed ( Mustard ) crop.
He asked the farmers that the department would provide all the technical assistance to them in comprehensively performing their agriculture activities.
Later, Dir Agriculture visited some progressive agri- entrepreneurs in the area who have established their integrated farm units.

He held interactions with these agri-preneurs and took feedback from them.
Director was accompanied by deputy director planning Mohammad Younis Chowdhury and some other offices of the department.
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( With inputs from : thegnskashmir.com )

April 26, 2023
Agriculture is critical for Economic transformation, Food security and Nutrition: Aijaz Asad – Kashmir News

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DC Srinagar inaugurates programmes under Kissan Sampark Abhiyan
Agriculture is critical for Economic transformation, Food security and Nutrition: Aijaz Asad
SRINAGAR APRIL 24 (KN) : With an objective of sensitizing farmers about new interventions approved under the Holistic Agriculture Development programme and benefits under other Centrally Sponsored Schemes, the Deputy Commissioner(DC) Srinagar, Mohammad Aijaz Asad Monday inaugurated programmes under Kissan Sampark Abhiyan here at Panchayat Halqas of Fakir Gujri as extensive orientation programme for the farmers.
During the Kissan Sampark Abhiyan, capacity building/orientation programmes will be held for 3 days in all 21 Panchayats of Srinagar District as per notified schedule to sensitize the farmers and PRI representatives about the recent Government plan to implement 29 projects costing more than Rs 500 crore from this year to increase Agricultural production aimed at holistic development and promotion of Agriculture and allied sectors so that the farmers can get maximum profit and create employment opportunities from the Agriculture sector.
Addressing the inaugural programme under Kissan Sampark Abhiyan, the Deputy Commissioner said that the Kissan Sampark Abhiyan is a prestigious programme of the Agriculture Production Department aimed at the overall welfare of farmers to educate farmers on various issues, including business management, entrepreneurship and Government schemes from April 24. He said the campaign will help farmers to increase their spending in the sector, ultimately leading to an improvement in their productivity and production.
The DC further said with the help of PRIs focusing on farmers orientation and skilling programme will ensure that the meticulous plan reaches the fields and prepare our farmers to meet new challenges and explore new possibilities, besides making farming accessible and more profitable.
On the occasion, the DC stressed the farmers and PRI representatives to actively participate in the programme to ensure the success of the ambitious program. He said resource persons will educate farmers through 48 videos, in addition the pamphlets have also been printed for better understanding of the Kissan Sampark Abhiyan so that farmers are benefited.
The DC also informed that Kisan Sampark Abhiyan will include question and answer sessions for the farmers and will receive education about 19 centrally sponsored schemes that have been designed for their welfare and development in addition to the 29 projects.

Later, Chief Agriculture Officer, Srinagar also spoke on the occasion and highlighted the objective of Kissan Sampark Abhiyan.
Besides, members of Panchayat Raj Institutions, Chief Agriculture Officer, Srinagar, Mohammad Younis Chowdhary, Lead District Manager, other senior Officers of line Department and large number of Farmers were present in the inaugural function of the Kissan Sampark Abhiyan.(Kashmir News-KN)
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( With inputs from : kashmirnews.in )

April 24, 2023
Hailstorms Wreak Havoc In Kashmir Valley, Agriculture Teams Assess Damage

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SRINAGAR: High-velocity hailstorms on Friday caused massive damage to orchards and standing crops in various parts of the valley.
According to reports received by the news agency Kashmir News Observer (KNO), the massive hailstorms created havoc in many areas of Kashmir, especially in Kulgam, Baramulla, and Anantnag districts.
Kulgam district in south Kashmir was hit the hardest, as hailstorms caused significant damage to orchards and vegetation.
Growers from various areas of the valley said that hailstorms and other climatic events have caused extensive damage to their orchards and crop fields.
Abdul Jabbar Naik, a grower from Kulgam, said that hailstorms caused severe damage to his orchard, and the fruit-bearing capacity of the trees will be reduced this year.
He said orchardists have been spending all their earnings on fertilisers and labour for their orchards and crop fields. “This year, we expected a good crop as our orchards seemed to be abundant with apples, but the hailstorm dashed all our hopes,” Naik said.
The growers have urged the government to compensate them for the huge losses they have suffered over the past several years.
Meanwhile, Director of Agriculture Kashmir, Chowdhury Mohammad Iqbal said that Kulgam was the worst affected by the hailstorm that hit the valley.

“Our teams are on the ground to assess the damage,” he said. (KNO)

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( With inputs from : kashmirlife.net )

April 21, 2023
DPC promotes 289 officials of Agriculture department

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Attal Dulloo congratulates employees
Srinagar, April18 (GNS): The Agriculture Production & Farmers Welfare Department Kashmir today conducted Departmental Promotion Committee (DPC) meeting.
The DPC approved promotion of 289 officials comprising 250 officials at various levels of executive cadre and 39 officials at various levels of ministerial cadre.
Additional Chief Secretary (ACS), Agriculture Production Department, Attal Dulloo, in a felicitation message, congratulated the promotees and hoped they will work with added zeal and vigour for larger interest of the society.(GNS)
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( With inputs from : thegnskashmir.com )

April 18, 2023
Eastern Europeans face Brussels backlash over Ukraine grain bans

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European Union politicians and officials have rounded on the front-line Eastern states of Poland, Hungary and Slovakia for imposing import bans on Ukrainian farm produce, denouncing the curbs as illegal and counterproductive.
The three countries banned imports of Ukrainian grain and other food products over recent days, arguing the export surplus had flooded their markets and threatened the livelihoods of local farmers.
The curbs have set the group on a collision course with Brussels while at the same time threatening the EU’s fragile solidarity in backing Ukraine’s fightback against Russia’s war of aggression.

EU diplomats believe the import bans contravene both international and EU law — and will fail to achieve their goals.
“Unilateral bans of individual countries won’t solve anything,” Czech Minister of Agriculture Zdeněk Nekula said.
“We must find agreement throughout the EU on the rules under which agricultural commodities will transit from Ukraine to European ports, and that production from them goes further to countries outside the EU that are dependent on Ukrainian production.”
The issue risks turning into a ticking time bomb.
Ukraine’s economy heavily relies on grain exports, which before the war were enough to feed 400 million people. When Russia invaded last year and blocked much of Ukraine’s global exports, the EU quickly installed so-called “solidarity lanes,” dropping all inspections on imports.
As a result, grain imports into surrounding countries shot up — much to the anger of local farmers who say they can’t compete. Instead of transiting through the countries to the rest of the world, the grain stays on the local markets, the countries argue.
With the summer harvest season ahead, the situation might get even tenser. Both Poland and Slovakia are heading into national elections later this year where the rural vote will be crucial.
“Solidarity lanes aren’t working. We have no effective tools controlling the transit,” Poland’s Ambassador to the EU Andrzej Sadoś told POLITICO. “We have in our silos some 4 million tons of Ukrainian grain and we need some time to stabilize the situation.”
The problems had been largely ignored by the European Commission so far, he said, forcing the Polish government to act.
Romanian farmers protest in the front of the European Commision headquarters in Bucharest | Daniel Mihailescu/AFP via Getty Images
“Individual farmers started to block terminals and train connections. They were protesting. We were very close to an escalation,” said Sadoś. He stressed that the ban, due to expire on June 30, is only temporary.
‘Unacceptable’ moves
One EU diplomat accused Warsaw of indulging in “gesture politics.”
“The situation has come to a head, it wants to send a signal that it’s supporting its farmers,” this diplomat said. “But it’s really not the most elegant solution, especially with regards to solidarity for Ukraine.”
Others even doubt whether the measures are legal in the first place.
In public, the EU’s executive branch, the Commission, has taken a measured approach, telling journalists in Brussels on Monday that “at this stage, it’s too early” to give a definite answer on the legality of the move. It did, however, note: “Trade policy is of EU exclusive competence and, therefore, unilateral actions are not acceptable.”
The private steer from Brussels appears to be more adamant about illegality. Czech Agriculture Minister Nekula, for example, said the EU’s Agriculture Commissioner Janusz Wojciechowski — who is himself Polish — had told him that such measures “are unacceptable.”
Asked whether the bans were legal, another EU diplomat said: “I don’t think so.” That’s because, the diplomat argued, trade is an exclusive competence of the EU, meaning individual countries cannot simply unilaterally block imports from a country. Yet another EU diplomat supported that argument, pointing to World Trade Organization rules.
The terms of EU-Ukraine commerce are also supposed to be safeguarded by the terms of a free-trade area applied since 2014.
Poland rejects the idea that it is breaking the rules, citing national laws that allow it to do so for public safety reasons.
It’s not just Poland, however, and each of the three countries is trying to avoid the Commission’s wrath by making different arguments in its defense.
Slovakia, for its part, argues it was forced to act on Monday after Poland and Hungary moved at the weekend to block imports.
“There was a risk their routes will redirect towards us and will cause even more pressure on our small domestic market,” a Slovak official said, adding that tests had also shown an excessive level of pesticides in wheat.
Contrary to Poland and Hungary, Slovakia said it would keep transit open.
European Commissioner for Agriculture Janusz Wojciechowski speaks during a debate on the Common Agricultural Policy | Pool photo by Christian Hartmann/AFP via Getty Images
A way out?
Wiesław Gryn, one of the main leaders of farmer protests in Poland, said a better way would be to focus on banning products that are made in violation of EU standards, rather than imposing a temporary blanket ban.
“Stopping Ukrainian exports for two months won’t do much because at least six months are needed to export the 4 million tons [that is already in Poland],” he said.
To address the issue, the EU has disbursed some €30 million to Poland, some €16.8 million to Bulgaria and €10 million to Romania.
That isn’t nearly enough, said Sadoś, the Polish ambassador. “We need systemic solutions, not just support for the farmers,” he said. Poland wanted to keep supporting Ukraine through imports, he said, “but the price cannot be … the bankruptcy of millions of Polish farmers.”
Such systemic solutions, in Sadoś’ view, would be to give importers a window of 24 hours, for example, for shipments to reach a transit port to ensure that the products don’t stay in Poland.
That is legally complicated, however, and would involve more checks and paperwork — potentially holding up trade flows even more, say critics.
Lili Bayer and Gregorio Sorgi contributed reporting.

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( With inputs from : www.politico.eu )

April 17, 2023
Ukraine’s bumper grain exports rile allies in eastern EU

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Ukraine’s farmers played an iconic role in the first weeks of Russia’s invasion, towing away abandoned enemy tanks with their tractors.
Now, though, their prodigious grain output is causing some of Ukraine’s staunchest allies to waver, as disrupted shipments are redirected onto neighboring markets.
The most striking is Poland, which has played a leading role so far in supporting Ukraine, acting as the main transit hub for Western weaponry and sending plenty of its own. But grain shipments in the other direction have irked Polish farmers who are being undercut — just months before a national election where the rural vote will be crucial.

Diplomats are floundering. After a planned Friday meeting between the Polish and Ukrainian agriculture ministers was postponed, the Polish government on Saturday announced a ban on imports of farm products from Ukraine. Hungary late Saturday said it would do the same.
Ukraine is among the world’s top exporters of wheat and other grains, which are ordinarily shipped to markets as distant as Egypt and Pakistan. Russia’s invasion last year disrupted the main Black Sea export route, and a United Nations-brokered deal to lift the blockade has been only partially effective. In consequence, Ukrainian produce has been diverted to bordering EU countries: Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia.
At first, those governments supported EU plans to shift the surplus grain. But instead of transiting seamlessly onto global markets, the supply glut has depressed prices in Europe. Farmers have risen up in protest, and Polish Agriculture Minister Henryk Kowalczyk was forced out earlier this month.
Now, governments’ focus has shifted to restricting Ukrainian imports to protect their own markets. After hosting Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Warsaw in early April, Polish President Andrzej Duda said resolving the import glut was “a matter of introducing additional restrictions.”
The following day, Poland suspended imports of Ukrainian grain, saying the idea had come from Kyiv. On Saturday, Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki, after an emergency cabinet meeting, said the import ban would cover grain and certain other farm products and would include products intended for other countries. A few hours later, the Hungarian government announced similar measures. Both countries said the bans would last until the end of June.
The European Commission is seeking further information on the import restrictions from Warsaw and Budapest “to be able to assess the measures,” according to a statement on Sunday. “Trade policy is of EU exclusive competence and, therefore, unilateral actions are not acceptable,” it said.
While the EU’s free-trade agreement with Ukraine prevents governments from introducing tariffs, they still have plenty of tools available to disrupt shipments.
Neighboring countries and nearby Bulgaria have stepped up sanitary checks on Ukrainian grain, arguing they are doing so to protect the health of their own citizens. They have also requested financial support from Brussels and have already received more than €50 million from the EU’s agricultural crisis reserve, with more money on the way.
Restrictions could do further harm to Ukraine’s battered economy, and by extension its war effort. The economy has shrunk by 29.1 percent since the invasion, according to statistics released this month, and agricultural exports are an important source of revenue.
Cracks in the alliance
The trade tensions sit at odds with these countries’ political position on Ukraine, which — with the exception of Hungary — has been strongly supportive. Poland has taken in millions of Ukrainian refugees, while weapons and ammunition flow in the opposite direction; Romania has helped transport millions of tons of Ukrainian corn and wheat.
Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Poland’s Prime Minister, Mateusz Morawiecki | Omar Marques/Getty Images
Some Western European governments, which had to be goaded by Poland and others into sending heavy weaponry to Kyiv, are quick to point out the change in direction.
“Curious to see that some of these countries are [always] asking for more on sanctions, more on ammunition, etc. But when it affects them, they turn to Brussels begging for financial support,” said one diplomat from a Western country, speaking on condition of anonymity.
Some EU countries also oppose the import restrictions for economic reasons. For instance, Spain and the Netherlands are some of the biggest recipients of Ukrainian grain, which they use to supply their livestock industries.
Politically, though, the Central and Eastern European governments have limited room for maneuver. Poland and Slovakia are both heading into general elections later this year. Bulgaria has had a caretaker government since last year. Romania’s agriculture minister has faced calls to resign, including from a compatriot former EU agriculture commissioner.
And farmers are a strong constituency. Poland’s right-wing Law & Justice (PiS) party won the last general election in 2019 thanks in large part to rural voters. The Ukrainian grain issue has already cost a Polish agriculture minister his job; the government as a whole will have to tread carefully to avoid the same fate.
This article has been updated.

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( With inputs from : www.politico.eu )

April 11, 2023
Agriculture Production & Farmers Welfare Department, Jammu Selection Lists

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Agriculture Production & Farmers Welfare Department, Jammu Selection Lists
Selection list of candidates for the post of Junior Assistant in Agriculture Production & Farmer’s Welfare Department, Jammu.
Ref : i) Communication No. JKSSB-PLAN/25/2022-23 dated 08.03.2023 of J&K SSB.
ii) Communication No. Agri-Cord/6/2023 (CC 7191749) dated 24.03.2023 of Administrative Department
The following candidates who have been recommended by the J&K SSB for the post of Junior Assistant in Agriculture Production & Farmer’s Welfare Department, Jammu are hereby
informed to submit their valid”Mobile Number and E-mail Address”to the Directorate of Agriculture, KishiBhawanGolePullyTalabTillo, Jammu within a period of 07 days from the date of
issuance of this notice for generation of their user ID & Password on Employee Verification System (EVS) Portal.
Candidate(s) who fail to submit their “Mobile Number and E-mail Address”within the stipulated time of 07 days, it shall be presumed that they are not willing to opt appointment as Junior Assistant in Agriculture Production & Farmer’s Welfare Department.

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( With inputs from : The News Caravan.com )

April 8, 2023
JK Govt To Spend Rs 560 Crore On Agriculture, Allied Sectors Under HADP

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SRINAGAR: The agriculture and allied sectors in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir are poised for significant growth and boost with launch of a slew of technological advancements and extension programs, government said on Tuedsay.
These interventions, incentivized through various schemes and projects, have already led to improvements in quality and quantity of produce in the region, a government spokesperson said.
However, the challenge remains in integrating smallholder produce with market systems that are both effective and transparent. This will ensure that farmers receive a fair price for their goods while consumers get good value for their money. To tackle this issue, Jammu and Kashmir is implementing a project under Holistic Agriculture Development Program (HADP) that aims to strengthen the existing market infrastructure and create a robust market ecosystem that caters to the needs of all stakeholders, it said.
Additional Chief Secretary, Agriculture Production Department, Atal Dulloo, emphasized that the proposed project will be segmented into several key areas. These included market reforms, infrastructure development, institutional and capacity building, branding, digital marketing, and market research information systems. The project aims to achieve its objectives through an investment of Rs 560 crore, which will be spread over a period of five years.
Dulloo expressed confidence that this project will bring about significant improvements in agriculture and allied sectors in Jammu & Kashmir, providing a boost to the region’s economy and benefiting farmers and consumers alike.
The project aims to improve the Terms of Trade (ToT) in favor of farmers, improve efficiency and effectiveness of the market ecosystem and minimize the value loss while maximizing societal welfare. The proposed activities or areas of intervention will strengthen the existing agricultural marketing system in Jammu & Kashmir, bringing long-term dividends across stakeholders, particularly farmer-producers.
The proposed project also envisages significant growth in agriculture and allied sectors through various activities. The market reforms included implementation of an open auction system, a single license for trading in all mandies, and institutionalization of post-harvest infrastructure with the eNAM network. Infrastructure development will involve converting mandies into value chain parks, creating new mandies and installing composting units. Besides, institutional building and capacity development will focus on the formation of Niche Product Marketing FPOs.
Branding activities will include creation of two Agriculture Branding Centers, mapping of existing branding practices, farmers/FPO brand building training and workshops, and integration of branded niche products with the tourism and hotel industry. Lastly, rural business and service hubs will be established in production areas.

The Directorate of Horticulture, Planning & Marketing will be responsible for on-ground implementation of the project and will serve as the nodal agency for providing unified licensing to potential traders.
The government of Jammu & Kashmir is set to implement this new project that aims to transform the agriculture sector through a multi-faceted approach. This approach includes market reforms, development of infrastructure, and promotion of institutional building and capacity development of Niche Product Marketing FPOs.
Market reforms will bring transparency and fairness in trading practices, genuine price for produce, increase the number of buyers, and fair competition. This will result in an increase in producers’ share in consumer rupee. Infrastructure development will create an efficient and effective market ecosystem, minimize value loss, overcome distress sale, improve logistics, adhere to quality standards, ease of doing business, target unattended geographies, waste to wealth, and minimize environmental pollution.
Private entrepreneurs will be responsible for development of infrastructure, including CA stores, grading lines, mini cold stores, reefer vans and pick-up vans. The Directorate of Horticulture, Planning & Marketing will establish composting units at potential mandies, and also create new mandies in collaboration with the respective District Administrations.
The promotion and support of institutional building and capacity development of Niche Product Marketing FPOs will be done in collaboration with allied departments and Agriculture Universities of the UT. The emphasis will be laid on branding of agriculture produce to promote marketing and competitive advantage of Niche crops. This will also result in scale economies in input and output marketing, operations, bargaining power, contract farming, better terms of trade (ToT), self-reliance, and confidence.
The project will also include the identification, capacity building, and promotion of Rural Business & Service Hubs (RBSHs) across all districts of J&K. This intervention will provide quality inputs/services, improve logistics in management operations, improve yield and quality produce, technology outreach, extension of improved varieties and machines, and market information
A dedicated Market Intelligence Cell will be established at SKUAST-K in collaboration with concerned Departments. The establishment of this Cell will result in creation of decision support system, improved marketing strategy by stakeholders, fairness in trading, more competition, and better policy outcomes. Digital marketing will play a pivotal role in doubling farmers income. It will increase the visibility online and enable potential customers to find agricultural business online. The digital marketing strategy will be more effective in case of niche products from UT of J&K to reach the potential customers across the country and globe.
In order to facilitate online marketing of niche based agri/horti/livestock/fishery/NTFPs, a dedicated web portal may be made operational for online marketing under PPP mode. The portal will be customized for J&K Niche Products for effective marketing strategy.
The proposed project will have both direct and indirect beneficiaries. Direct beneficiaries will include farmers, market functionaries, potential entrepreneurs, employable masses in infrastructure development, and employable masses in value creation. Indirect beneficiaries will include consumers/customers, importers/buyers, outsource sector/industry, and indirect employable masses.
Under the initiative, a 50% capital subsidy will be offered for the establishment of 11 Controlled Atmosphere (CA) stores, each with a capacity of 5000 MT, at a unit cost of Rs. 30.00 cr. In addition, a 50% subsidy will be provided for the establishment of 12 hi-tech grading lines, 275 portable grading lines, reefer vans, pick up vans, and mini cold stores. Four mechanized windrow composting units, 16 simple composting units, and four new mandies will also be established at a cost of Rs. 49.00 cr.
The Institutional Building and Capacity Development component of the project will see 55 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) established with an investment of Rs. 11.00 cr, and 35 capacity building training programs arranged for FPOs, costing Rs. 1.05 cr. Additionally, two Agriculture and Branding Centers will be established in each division at a cost of Rs. 5.20 cr.
A 50% subsidy will be provided for establishment of 400 Rural Business and Service Hubs, with a ceiling of Rs. 15.00 lakh on each hub. Finally, the infrastructure for digital marketing and market intelligence will be established at a cost of Rs. 11.30 cr.
The off-season availability of fruits and vegetables is also expected to improve. Value creation is anticipated to increase by 25% to 75%, and there will be an increase in income, value output, employment, reduced food wastage, and an efficient decision support system. As a result, this investment is expected to be highly beneficial.
The project will result in several key outputs, including the establishment of 11 CA stores with a capacity of 55,000 MT, 12 hi-tech grading lines, 25 mini cold stores, four new mandies in Samba, Reasi, Kishtwar, and Bandipora, 400 Rural Business & Service Hubs, two Agri Branding centers, and one Market Intelligence Cell. This project is also expected to create 6,000 jobs and 629 enterprises in the next five years.

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( With inputs from : kashmirlife.net )

April 4, 2023